恶心呕吐的分子机制及神经环路研究进展

Advances in the molecular mechanisms and neural circuits of nausea and vomiting

摘要:

恶心和呕吐是常见的临床症状，通常与多种疾病和治疗过程相关。这些症状的主观性使其难以准确描述，且其发生机制复杂，涉及多种组织器官、受体和神经环路。恶心和呕吐的药物治疗效果有限，且常伴有不良副作用，这些症状对患者的早期康复产生了显著影响。因此，了解其发生机制并改善预防和治疗措施是当前研究的重要方向。近年来的相关研究集中在恶心和呕吐的分子和神经环路机制上，取得了重要进展。此外，围术期尤其是术后恶心呕吐（postoperative nausea and vomiting, PONV）的临床因素和研究现状也得到了关注，以期改善患者的治疗体验和康复效果。本文综述了恶心呕吐病理发生相关受体和神经环路机制以及PONV的研究进展，为临床预防及治疗PONV提供理论参考。

Abstract:

Nausea and vomiting are common clinical symptoms, often associated with various diseases and therapeutic processes. The subjective nature of these symptoms makes it difficult to accurately describe, and their mechanisms are complex, involving multiple tissues, organs, receptors, and neural pathways. Pharmacological treatments for nausea and vomiting have limited efficacy and often come with adverse effects, significantly impacting early patient recovery. Therefore, understanding their mechanisms and improving prevention and treatment measures is a key focus of current research. Recent studies have made significant progress in understanding the molecular and neural circuit mechanisms of nausea and vomiting. Additionally, clinical factors and research on perioperative particularly postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), have also received attention in order to enhance patient treatment experiences and recovery outcomes. This review summarizes the receptor and neural circuit mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of nausea and vomiting, as well as advances in PONV research, aiming to provide theoretical references for clinical prevention and treatment of PONV.